Police Agencies Are Multifarious Organizations Comprised

Police agencies are multifarious organizations comprised of specialized departments, functions, and structures. Authority is a binding of hierarchical relation between citizens and administration. Over the past several years agencies have changed internally and externally. Consequently personnel must upgrade their knowledge, skills, and techniques. Bureaucratic organization is part of contemporary democracies that enrich our understanding of public administration. Adhering to the rules of the organization orders and respect are implemented among the agency. Bureaucratic Organization Public administration involves civil servants that implement a quantified course of action within the confines of a government administrative structure. Every†¦show more content†¦Titles are imperative especially among upper level ranks Post-Bureaucratic Organization Post-bureaucratic organization is the key process of responsibility and resources of decentralization of authority. In the higher level of an organization decentralization deals with assigning responsibilities to semi-independent units and reduces the role of the corporate core to a minimum. Instead of running like a single entity the organization is a federation of co-operating company. (Sable, 1991, p. 28) The concept of decentralization revolves around the concept of reversing the chain of command and allowing lower level employees to handle decision-making and resources. There are two major objectives of decentralization which are to respond more effectively to external and internal change, and cut overhead costs and raise productivity by reducing the number of staff. This concept once achieved can implement the necessity for breaking down hierarchies and assist in downsizing. Organizational institutional theory Within the institutional theory belief is that an organization molds to the environment surrounding it. An example of this is a police department that is located in a poor community. Officers that are employed at these agencies will have an inert belief of how internal and external individuals are to behave and react. Officers are expected to behave and have a specific type of attitude in and out of the department, as well as, the communityShow MoreRelatedContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesreproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same

The Emergence Of Self Concept - 1489 Words

The Emergence of Self Throughout our history the idea of self has developed and proved to be a dominant concept that Americans have come to understand. Not defined or found in lineage, religion, or history, the concept of self is defined by a collection of values. These values and principles are rooted in individualism, self-actualization, and self-reliance where people are able to fulfill their own destiny and believe in the promise that through ward work and determination life can be different and better. These concepts are found deeply rooted in the groundwork of America. The idea of self has emerged in our culture and survived because it promotes an experience that finds fulfillment in one’s life or in the lives of other Americans. This Idea became most prominent from the early writers of American literature, who created and exemplified the ideas of the self. Before discussing the topic of the emergence of self, we first must attempt to understand the definition of self. S elf-concept, as it is more commonly known as, is mainly understood as the realization of our own being. It can be thought as a way that we perceive who we are, what is our purpose and how we fit into society. Self-concept can be complexly defined. For example, it can be explained as a cognitive representation of oneself that gives understanding and meaning to one’s experience, including one’s relations to to other people. Nonetheless, self-concept can also be defined as life being aware of itself.Show MoreRelatedIntegrating Complexity Science Concepts Into The Examination Of L.r1271 Words   |  6 PagesIntegrating complexity science concepts into the examination of L.R.’s transition process presents a new angle to study this transition and speculate patient outcome (Geary Schumacher, 2012). Part of L.S.’s self-organization of new patterns that have emerged through this transition is his desire to â€Å"get his life on track†. His delusion of bei ng a veteran and having served in the military is part of his sense-making to explain his current transition. He is using what he knows from his plan to enlistRead MoreEvolution and the Modern Social Contract Theory : Essay Outline1050 Words   |  5 PagesThe Emergence of the Modern Social Contract Theory Essay Outline POLS 14033 – Political Ideas and Ideologies The Emergence of the Modern Social Contract Theory Essay Question: Firstly, in this essay, we will describe and analyze the various concepts of the evolution and emergence of the modern social contract theory thru the analysis of several of its key political thinkers. We will provide a detailed review of the concepts that have developed and that were crucial for theRead MoreThe Concept of Nationalism in the 20th and 21st Century1228 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Nationalism in the 20th and 21st Century: The concept of nationalism is in essence an odd organization that has had significant impacts in world history through shaping the political and social aspects of the society. As an important aspect in the development of the society, the concept of nationalism has basically been analyzed based on its impact on the emergence of nation-states across the globe. In most cases, these analyses have been conducted to determine the influence of nationalism onRead MoreThe, Performed By Sydney Dance Company, Choreographed By Rafael Bonachela1483 Words   |  6 PagesThe two live dance works viewed this year were â€Å"Emergence†, performed by Sydney Dance Company, choreographed by Rafael Bonachela, performed at the Princess Theatre and a recorded dance performance titled â€Å"Image†, choreographed by Jason Northam and Liesel Link. The two dance performances substantiated were exceedingly diverse and dissimilar. The two performances juxtaposed their intentions and interpreted opposing elements through diversity in movement vocabulary, structural devices and form, performanceRead MoreComplexity Is Defined By The American Heritage Dictionary1438 Words   |  6 Pagescomplexity (a complex system) is comprised of a large composite of interacting elements such that the observer/examiner cannot cogitate its entire scope as a whole. 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At some pointRead MoreA Leader Of Large Scale Boycotts On British Goods1445 Words   |  6 PagesActions like these, along with many others, exhibited the emergence of contradicting cultural development in the early-half of the 18th century: the continuation of closeness to English society, and the steady distancing of the American colonists from the British. For the majority of the 18th century, colonial America sprouted shocking ideas of the power of the individual through events like the Great Awakening and Enlightenment, and the emergence of unique opinions like the Whig ideology. However, theRead MoreEssay on Market Society1680 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"protestant work ethic† and the â€Å"spirit of capitalism† and how those two is important to the emergence of the market society. Lastly, this paper will be concluded by explaining why the shift to market society is a necessary transformation. Market society is characterized by the self-regulation market system, the shift in relations between economy and social relations, and the commodification of everything. The self-regulation market system refers to as â€Å"a system capable of organizing the whole economicRead MoreThe Concept of Gestalt Psychology1439 Words   |  6 Pagesvisual recognition rather relying on curves and lines. Structuralism is an opposition to gestaltism. A better explanation of the gestalt theory is that whole form is greater than the sum of its individual parts (Ruscio, 2006, p. 30). Origins The concept of gestalt was introduced first in contemporary psychology and philosophy by Christian von Ehrenfels. The idea of gestalt is based on the psychological and philosophical ideas by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, David Hume, David Hartley, Immanuel KantRead MoreHow Leaders And Non Leaders Throughout Higher Education Setting1320 Words   |  6 Pagesanalysis. The findings provide several interesting points in terms of emergent leadership in study teams. In line with Offermann et al. (1994), the results suggest that most of respondents perceive and regard it as a positive concept. There might be two reasons for this: one is the concept of leadership seems positive; the other is that most of researches discuss the good side of leadership and this guides readers to think leadership positively. Based on data analysis, leadership in this study tend to be

Hip-hop and Rap Music Essay - 641 Words

Hip-hop and Rap Music Often times when people hear about Hip Hop/Rap music, theyll paint a picture in their heads of black men cussing, guns, marijuana, lots of gold, and girls looking like prostitutes. Parents and teachers put an image in their kids head that Rap music is bad, and they dont want their kids to be influenced by something that is negative. With the way Rap music is advertised in the US, I would have to agree with that looking at it from an average parents point of view. But what people dont know is that Hip Hop isnt just a type of music, its a culture. Its a culture full of original elements, and its also a place where people can show others what theyve got and who they are. Within this original†¦show more content†¦Just like all of the other geniuses like Newton, Galileo, and musically Jimi, there are MCs that are geniuses too. What makes those guys remarkable compared to others are their strength and choice of words, and their flow, or the melody, of their rhymes. I personally cant relate to the ghetto, guns, and all of that gangster stuff, so I dont listen to that genre all that much, but there are many elements people can pick up from the Hip Hop music. There is a whole Japanese Hip Hop scene that is growing bigger and bigger, and thats what I personally live. The next element is Breaking. Breaking is a term used for dancing, and most people know it as Break Dancing. Although Breaking has become a small part of the whole dance scene in Hip Hop today, its the first form of Hip Hop dances. People spin on their heads, do handstands, slide with just their hands on the ground, spin on the floor with their legs spread out, and all kinds of astonishing moves. This is probably the most popular form of Hip Hop in Japan today because its so easy to begin and watch. DJs have one simple task: make people dance. Or thats what it used to be. Before, their main goal was to have the knowledge of the music so they can make people dance according to the mood and time. Also scratching records were their performance. Now, DJs have lots more jobs and probably the toughest element of all. Most DJs team up with MCs so they can act as the rhythm section ofShow MoreRelatedHip Hop And Rap Music1699 Words   |  7 PagesHip-hop is a cultured style that started in the 1970’s. Majority of different funk groups began playing disco music at that time it was popular. During this time funk music was technology driven more electronic sounds were being used on the drum machines. Funk was the new dance in the early 70’s. This particular style of singing in which was being used is called rapping, this begun in African American, Urban Areas, Jamaican American, Latino American and many others cities of the United States. TheRead MoreRap Music : Hip Hop Essay1509 Words   |  7 PagesRap, or hip hop as some call it, ranks in the top ten of most popular music genres in the world. Since it burst on the scene in the late 1970s, rap music changed the landscape of the music industry, especially for African-American artists. The genre accredited some of the biggest names in the music industry. Popular artists like LL Cool J, Tupac, Notorious B. I. G., Jay-Z, Kanye West, and many others produce, or have produced, millions of hip-hop records. The secret to the success of hip hop centersRead MoreHip Hop And Rap Music Essay1941 Words   |  8 Pagesincreased presence of hip-hop culture within American culture, many educators no longer view hip-hop culture with the same air of skepticism common in the early stages of HHBE.† Hip Hop Based Education also referred to as HHBE is movement that helps bring hip hop into the classroom.(USE THAT SOURCE HERE) HHBE has many positive and influential outcomes for children living in inner cities. Hip hop music has categories and one of them is rap. By bringing hip hop and r ap music into schools it servesRead MoreHip Hop And Hip Rap Music1144 Words   |  5 PagesHip hop music has delivered messages of freedom of expression, unity, peace, and protest against social injustices, for the past 30 years. But exactly when and where did it begin, and what impact has it had on our society? The hip hop beats created by DJs in the 70s actually sparked what is now known as hip hop culture. Hip hop culture originally included rapping, break dancing, graffiti, beat boxing, and looping and scratching, and has now includes urban clothing and cars, speech patterns and slangRead MoreHip Hop And Rap Music1584 Words   |  7 PagesHip hop music is one of the most popular genres in present time that rose to prominence in the 1980’s. The hip hop genre was born in the African American community and has since then changed into what it is today. What most individuals don’t know is that originally rap music did not contain such explicit themes as it does now; s uch as misogyny, drugs, crime, and violence among others. Many people may wonder what led to the introduction of such themes into rap music and why they remained popular.Read MoreHip Hop And Rap Music1505 Words   |  7 PagesSwiss Hip Hop and Rap According to Michael Dyson and Wikipedia, Hip hop music and Hip Hop culture formed during the 1970s when block parties became increasingly popular in New York City. The genre became home to and was developed by African American youth residing in the Bronx. Block parties involved DJs playing very percussive breaks of popular songs Then Rapping developed as the primary vocal style of the genre. Hip hop s early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum-machines becameRead MoreRap Music And Hip Hop1560 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Gangsta rap† has been around since the late 1980s, and has been categorized as a specific type of hip hop. Reflecting the violent lifestyles of many black American youths living within the inner cities of the West and East coast, gangsta rap became a voice. The genre reflected on and spoke about the harsh realities of what life for a black person during the 1980s. One of the most prominent rap names during this era that became the voice for many people throughout the nation was the N.W.A (NiggazRead MoreHip Hop And Hip Rap Music2527 Words   |  11 Pagesstudy of hip hop music has been cited well throughout its growth over time. The purpose of this paper is intended to discuss hip hop culture and address cultural stereotypes associated with rap and hip-hop music, but also how its original lyrical intentions were forms of expression and art. It will begin by guiding the reader through how it originated, its influence with the African-Americans with its subculture and pop ularity in urban areas, its styles of evolving, the introduction of hip hop and rapRead MoreHip Hop And Rap Music1527 Words   |  7 PagesHip Hop is also known as rap music, it was a genre formed in the United States in the 1970s that consists of stylized rhythmic music that commonly follows by rap music. Rap music is rhyming speeches that are chanted. It is a popular style of music that is developed by disc jockeys and urban black people in the late 1970s. It starts off with rhyming beat patterns in the background. It had all began in the Bronx of New York City, with urban men creating words that rhyme on the corner of their blockRead MoreHip Hop And Rap Music904 Words   |  4 PagesHip-Hop/rap music receives the harshest criticism in the music industry. This is because listeners of hip-hop music don’t fully understand the message that the artist is trying to portray. Behind all the vulgar verses is actually a message that the artist wants to listener to know about. Most people don’t listen to hip-hop music because of how they see the artist illustrating their self. Many artists create music based off of his or her background and life growing up. Hip-hop music has a negative

How Technology Can Assist or Hinder Information Management...

How Technology can Assist or Hinder Information Management Practices in an Organization Having advanced technology nowadays can be both of assistance and a nuisance when it comes to handling Information in the workplace. Some examples of assistance are: †¢ Fast access: with the computer systems and technology provided to organizations in the present day, waiting days, weeks or even months is a thing of the past. You can send, receive, look up, browse, edit, create and delete information with just the click of a mouse. This is highly useful in fast past environments such as client service centers or call centers where staff are required to quickly and efficiently look up or create a client or customers file to edit, browse or confirm†¦show more content†¦It is easy to send the wrong file when clicking away and easy to send something to the wrong person. †¢ Too much information: this applies especially when searching on the internet. When using a search engine such as Google, you have thousands and thousands of possible results returned to you in seconds, which can be extremely difficult to decipher – especially when you are not too sure what it Is that you are looking for in the firstShow MoreRelatedThe Challenges, Solutions, Models, Tools And Tools1080 Words   |  5 Pagesand an example in Distributed Software Development (DSD). The objective is to collect and systematize reported knowledge in terms of what are the difficulties in managing DSD projects, what are the best practices to overcome these difficulties, and how existing models and tools support these practices. The DSD is a phenomenon with considerable interest from companies all over the world where the stakeholders from different national and organizational cultures are involved in developing software. AsRead MoreGeneral Dynamics Information Technology ( Gdit )1580 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment for more than 50 years. 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Although different organizations will arrive at different distributions of these responsibilities, and an organization s distribution may change over time, there is a fairly normative distribution. The organization s compliance department could be charged with developing

Behavioural Finance Free Essays

string(21) " most lose the most\." Simply speaking, behavioural finance deals with psychology and finance to explain the causes of people’s investment and other financial acts. Here Behavioural finance is not a direct branch of standard finance. It is a replacement and it offers better model of humanity. We will write a custom essay sample on Behavioural Finance or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each individual causes different principles which ultimately leads its behaviour and these principles come from some psychological, sociological and anthropological aspects. According to Financial Investment Dictionary (2006), â€Å"[n]ew area of financial research that recognizes a psychological element in financial decision making, thus challenging traditional models that assume investors will always weigh risk/return factors rationally and act without bias. † Generally, behavioural finance can be better explained as the psychological effect on the financial decision of the financial practitioners as well as market situation. In other words, behavioural finance is the study of human psychology which influence the investors to make financial decision and explain why, how, when and where they will practice financial activation. Shefrin (2007) views that, â€Å"[b]ehavioural finance is a rapidly growing area that deals with the influence of psychology on the behaviour of financial practitioners. † In practices investors interpret or process various types of information, they don’t always follow specific models. The investor’s behaviour ultimately depends on the market anomalies and financial market economics. Who is an Investor? In a word, Investor is the financer. The people or institutions that finance in the small and large industries for sake of earning profit are called investors. Investor is one kind of entrepreneur who may take the initiatives for enhancing the organization. â€Å"Traditional finance theory recommends that individual investors simply buy and hold the market portfolio, or at least a well-diversified portfolio of stocks. The typical retail investor doesn’t; most of those who hold stocks directly hold just a handful of stocks rather than a diversified portfolio (see, e. g. , Blume and Friend (1975) and the 1998 U. S. Survey of Consumer Finances. † (SCF) Investor, however, they are the ultimate risk taker not only in the business environment but also in the society. They can be shown as the most confident people in the perspective in their work. They also as like the organizer as they help to organize the elements of production and manage in organization. They can move the motive of the economy and play important role by influencing in the behavior of the money market. Investor can be defined as three types, those are as follows— Gambler Gambler is like the investor who makes gambling with a view to have more and more profit within a short time. The gambler is the one kind of investor invests for up to three month. The gambler takes high risk for making high profit. According to the Insurance Dictionary, risk-creating device as compared with Insurance which is a risk-reducing or -eliminating device. This is a form of speculative risk. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (2006) defines it as â€Å"betting or staking of something of value on the outcome of a game or event†. Gambling gave an air of fairly harmless excitement and the payoff (or loss) was immediate (US History Encyclopedia, 2006). According to Columbia Encyclopedia (2003), gambling or gaming, betting of money or valuables on, and often participation in, games of chance (some involving degrees of skill). Speculator Speculation is one modes of investment. The men who get involve in speculation, he is known as the speculator. The speculator makes investment for a short time too but not as less than by the gambler rather than pretty much more. They invest for up to six months. They make risk more than gambler of low investment than the actual investor. â€Å"A speculator is a man who observes the future, and acts before it occurs† (Baruch, n. d. ). Investor Investor is the long time financer in any organization. Investor is the most prominent businessmen for enlarging the business. They invest as for long time and takes low risk than the gambler and speculator. In this case the investment is concerned with more then one year. Investor has the experience and knowledge of money market. They are the real investor for business. â€Å"Investors can also benefit by studying the behavior of money managers to avoid similar pitfalls. Vulnerability to mistakes is particularly acute during bull markets, says Meir Statman, a professor at the University of Santa Clara in California and an expert on behavioural finance. Individuals have a tendency to get optimistic after the market has gone up and increase their expectations for future returns. † (Spence, 7 August 2007) What is Overconfidence? The investors make then investment decision or portfolio depending on the information available their hand. Very often the thinks or predict much more higher than actually what it should be, i. e. they overestimates the precision on their personal information ignoring the other information and determining factors of the market movements. It’s like to show the high degree of self attribution or the business to one’s own ability. According to Shleifer (2000), â€Å"[P]sychological research demonstrates that, in areas such as finance, men are more overconfident than women (p. 33). Over confidence generally leads to high volume of trading. High volume of trading calculates extra cost that ultimately rises up the expense or decrease the profit. Gervais and Odean (2001) and odean (1998) have developed a model of overconfidence predicting that the more the total market returns the more investors confident about the precession of their information. Another can’t be left unmentioned have that though the returns are market wide. The planner or owner unintentionally or say that the grains in wealth is the result of their ability to pick stocks. It’s is who found that the investors who one more confident or overconfident trades more frequently then others. They also believe that this prediction and forecasting ability is greater than the average. From this psychological facts they treat themselves as wise is market calculation and acts as the gurus of market. Financial economists have long puzzled over investors’ enthusiasm for active trading in highly competitive securities markets where, as Odean (1999) found, those who trade the most lose the most. You read "Behavioural Finance" in category "Papers" Empirical evidence in competitive settings outside of security markets suggests that overconfidence in one’s own talent is a pervasive behavioural norm. Investors’ overconfidence in their security valuation skills has recently become a formalized hypothesis among financial economists. Specifically, Daniel, Hirshleifer, and Subrahmanyam (1998), hereafter DHS, and Odean (1998a) develop equilibrium results that incorporate the assumption that some investors overestimate the precision of their private information (Statman et al. 2006). The cause of individual investors to become overconfident Hard working When individual investors work hard, they get a higher level of confidence which sometimes treat as over confidence. Desire for high achievement Sometimes desire for high achievement of an investor leads him/her to be overconfident. Individual investors use to sell or buy stocks for better profit. They become overconfident in decision making for the sake of profit maximization. So, desire for high achievement makes individual investors overconfident. Highly Optimistic Investors, who have highly optimistic view about money returns or some related factors, gradually tend to be overconfident. Highly optimistic individual investors more risky investment for higher rate of return and they some times over look the risks associated with the investment. So highly optimistic is a case of overconfidence of individual investors. Independence Normally individual investors are independent; this independence gives them the facility to make any kind of decision. So, the independence of an individual investor can be a cause of his/her overconfidence. Foresight Foresight is a necessary tool of investment. An individual investor uses foresight in decision making of investment. When the assumption of an investor’ act success then the confidence level of an investor increases. So, sound foresight and its higher success can be a cause of individual investor’s overconfidence. Effects of Overconfidence of Individual Investors According to the theoretical model, it can be said that, investors who are overconfident, will tend to trade more than the other investors who invest rationally. Overconfident individual investors use to take the decisions of investment in an optimistic way. They use to trade more. Usually, overconfidence gives and individual the power of which are generally called risky, because risky investment gives higher output overconfident individual investors do risky investment. Actually overconfidence of an individual investor, leads him or her to poor results. It creates an illogical portfolio. The success or good result of this portfolio, which is made over confidently, mainly depends upon luck. Rational investors tend to follow the conventional way of investment. They use of make investment on the basis of market situation. To do this they use to depend upon data, past history and related information. Overconfident individual investors, do the data as others do, but the decision making of overconfident similar to the average individual investors. Sometimes, an overconfident individual investor can make a great output from an impossible source. Moreover, sometimes overconfidence can make an investor blind to his/her work. However, individual investors often show overconfidence about their judgments which are taken by their own. It can be defined as an experimental setting in which individual investors tend to make their own judgment over confidently for taking any decision about investment and related matters. Let us discuss something about overconfidence in relation with market overreact and under react. Individual investors don’t tend to overreact or under react to all news. Overconfidence does not imply that. The fact is, evidence shows that, overreaction under reaction of asset prices to news has been mixed. There many evidence of overreaction. Shiller (1979, 1981, a, b) and LeRoy and Porter (1981) has written literature on excess volatility of speculative asset prices. In this literature statistical evidence of market overreacts can be found. On the other side, there are some evidences of underreaction. In the literature of Cutler, Poterba and Sunamers (1989) it can be found. In case of volume of volume of trade in financial markets, the implications of overconfidence are clearer than for any movement to overreact. On the basis of Shiller (1987b), the stock market crash of October 19, 1987, should be discussed here. It can give something about overconfidence and the market impact. During that crash time, Shiller sent out questionnaires to 2000 individual investors who were wealthy, and he also sent out those questionnaires to 1000 institutional investors. Shiller asked them to fill up the questionnaires with the thoughts and reasons for action of that day. 605 individual investors and 284 institutional investors responded completely. From those questionnaires, it was found that, 29. 2% of individual investors and 28. 0% of institutional investors thought that, yes, they had a good idea about when a rebound was to occur. They also said that ‘intuition’ or ‘get feelings’ made them think that they knew when a rebound was to occur. According to Shiller (27 September 1997), â€Å"[i]t would appear that the high volume of the trade on the day of the stock market crash, as well as the occurrence duration and reversal of the crash was in part determined by overconfidence in such intuitive feelings. † It has been already stated that the overconfident business practioners trade more frequent than others. As a result the trade volume goes up which leads the market index to reach in the summit position. As consequences of these some investors enjoy huge profit on the other hand money investors face a great loss. As an example are can set the great fall of DSE (Dhaka Stock Exchange) index in 1996 in Bangladesh. At that time, the market index was going up and up. Some investors, who seemed overconfident, did not sale their stocks rather they purchased more with the expectation of higher profit than normal. But often certain period, the price of stocks became to decrease and once upon a time it got down to the lower level. As a result, many overconfident investors face a huge amount of loss some people even loss their last penny. Conclusion In the light of the above discussion it is crystal clear that overconfidence is a one kind of financial behaviour of financial practitioners. It’s such a psychological term which influence the investment decision when, how, how much, where and why to invest his/her accumulated fund. The investor takes his financial decision depending on some private information. All the time the investors give high priority to his/her personal information and prediction of the market. They always think that they have the skill to predict the market much more than the average which ultimately termed as overconfident. References Baruch, M. Bernard. (n. d. ). http://www. answers. com/topic/speculation? cat=biz-fin Blume and Friend (1975) and the 1998 U. S. Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF)). † http://goliath. ecnext. com/coms2/gi_0198-355368/Talk-and-action-what-individual. html Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. (2006). Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclop? dia Britannica, Inc. Columbia Encyclopedia. (2003). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth ed. , Columbia University Press. http://www. cc. columbia. edu/cu/cup Financial Investment Dictionary. (2006). Dictionary of Finance and Investment Terms. Barron’s Educational Series, Inc. Shefrin, Hersh. (2007). Beyond Greed and Fear: Understanding Behavioral Finance and the Psychology of Investing (Financial Management Association Survey and Synthesis Series). http://astore. amazon. com/dividen-20/detail/0195304217 Shiller, J Robert. (27 September 1997). Developments in Macroeconomics† it is presented at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, February 27-8, 1997. file://localhost/D:/Behavioral%20finance/Behavioral%20finance. pdf Shleifer. (2000) http://overconfidence. behaviouralfinance. net/ Spence, John. (7 August 2007). Learning from their mistakes Professional money managers get advice to overcome bad investing habits. MarketWatch, EDT http://www. marketwatch. com/news/story/individual-investors-can-learn-fund/story. aspx? guid=%7B51E826C9-1391-4D2B-B7A8-87554EB300E6%7D Statman et al. (2006). Investor Overconfidence and Trading Review of Financial Studies. 2006; Vol. 19 (4). 1531-1565 The Insurance Dictionary. (2000). Dictionary of Insurance Terms. Barron’s Educational Series, Inc. How to cite Behavioural Finance, Papers

Quantitative Qualitative Research Or Both -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Quantitative Versus Qualitative Research Or Both? Answer: Introduction The main aim of this research is to acknowledge all the stages involved in safety management and differentiating between the success and failure of the project in each aspect like history, behavior, environmental, psychological, and organizational and many others. This research provides a proper explanation of how the safety factors implemented in order to set the guidelines to be followed. The success or failure of the safety management in construction industry are functions of the implementation of the safety factors. The research rationale Health and safety management in the construction industry has a high importance within the industry professionals. It is considered against the rights of the planning authorities, clients, consultants and contractors. The health and safety management became an integral part of the organizational framework as well as other related organizations. According to Clarke et al. (2005), as cited in Chileshe Dzisi (2012) almost all of the workplaces (93%) reported employee sickness absence. About 94% of workplaces are aware of the accident cases. Obstacles to implementing health and safety management are represented mainly in the time restrictions, cost, low priority, small size, lack of knowledge and lack of information and guidance and support. The construction injuries have a negative direct impact on the workers and the work itself. The work is affected through construction delays, lower productivity and higher insurance premiums that result from injuries. The indirect impact includes loss of future revenue for the business and loss of future income for the injured workers. The most common causes of injuries are falls, being caught in or between objects, electric choke, affection by toxic gases, fire and many other reasons (Chileshe Dzisi 2012). Most of the subcontractors can predict the risks, as the construction of a building is much more than the skillful performance of the subcontractor. The health and safety management requires the all trades to work cooperatively during the project lifetime. Also, legislations have to consider the rights of workers for having health and safety standards (Wadick 2010). Risk is considered a probability of a favorable outcome that arises from a decision. In the construction management, risk is an exposure of economic loss arising from the involvement in a construction project. Many professionals in the construction sector do not realize the potential impact on other associated risks that may impact the business operations. The holistic risk management approach enables the organization to manage all sources of business risks. It will enhance the risk mitigation and ensure safety management at workplace (Sharma Swain 2011). There is a large amount of literature on health and safety on-site, but there is a lack of research on the confined construction sites and the increasing level of risks that workers face in the workplace. According to while Illingworth (2000) and Cooke and Williams (2004), as cited in Spillane et al., (2012), it is recommended that an organization make effective design site layout to maximize space on-site which results in lower risk. The research objectives Assuring proper implementation of safety factors helps in identifying the risks in construction projects. To provide safety standards as a result of the safety factor implementation. To improve the level of safety performance. Regular supervision of the related authorities is expected to change behaviors towards the more safe construction environment. To assure that safety standards are strictly followed without taking any shortcuts. To improve the training programs concerning the health and safety management. To be able to control the number of accidents which yield deaths and injuries. Improvement of the critical success factor with the complicated attributes. To change the workers' attitudes in response to the proper implication of the role and responsibilities of the contractor. The systems of inquiry The process of theory development may be conducted induction, deduction or abduction reasoning. Deduction is the process of stating conclusions about a phenomenon based on theoretical reasons or logical thinking and an initial set of assumptions. In deduction, the results of the analysis formed in terms of conclusion should be true if the initial premises and reasons are correct. But induction is the opposite of deduction, as it starts with observation of certain phenomenon or evidence, then facts or conclusions could be drawn. The inductive conclusions are only a hypothesis, and could be disproven. The deductive conclusions tend to be stronger than inductive conclusions in general, but if the deductive conclusion is based on an incorrect premise, it will also be incorrect (Bhattacherjee 2012). Abduction is considered a modern methodological interpretations. It took the interest of researchers in concern with the concerning grounded theory. Grounded theory argues that theories should be discovered from data by being close to the phenomena that is investigated. It suggests not to start from grand theories deductively. This means that the research process has to start from scratch. This approach has its proponents and opponents who argue that the theories could not be neglected totally and it is not logic to reinvent the wheel. Abduction provides means for understanding that research methodology could be conducted through the combination between theory and observed elements (Paavola 2014). Sequence of methods According to Fellows Liu (2015), the research in the field of the construction industry could be quantitative, qualitative or mixed method. This means that we have three alternatives to choose among them, as follows: First alternative: The quantitative approach is used in the construction industry research with 29.2% empirical research, followed by 25.95 of the formulations of simulation proposals and 5.6% of the performance of archival studies (Panas Pantouvakis 2010). The data collection techniques are used in the previous research to gather data required for verifying hypotheses formulated on the basis of a literature review. The numeric data collected could be analyzed by using statistical tools in two different ways, the first is the descriptive analysis, which describes the aggregation and presentation of the constructs of interest. The second is the inferential analysis, which refers to hypothesis testing, it could be conducted with software programs as SPSS or SAS (Bhattacherjee, 2012). Second alternative: The qualitative approach could be implemented to introduce some form of classification to the data. The qualitative content analysis is used in the construction industry research with 5.6% empirical research, followed by 4.5% of the formulation of simulation pro within the framework of exploratory surveys (Panas Pantouvakis 2010). Qualitative surveys tend to measure the effect of specific factors, by fitting the practitioners responses to their own perceptions. It analyzes text data through interviewing the respondents, it depends on the researchers' analytical skills and their personal knowledge of the phenomenon of interest. The qualitative analysis requires sense marketing rather than explaining. It also requires creative and investigative skills to conduct the qualitative analysis (Bhattacherjee, 2012). Third alternative: The mixed-method approach analyzes the qualitative data derived from interviews with the respondents, it is also combined with quantitative data modelling and analysis. It aims to provide insight into the phenomenon of interest (Panas Pantouvakis 2010). The selected system of inquiry for the research This research follows the positivism paradigm. It assures the delivery of accurate knowledge and the elimination of any ambiguity, as it follows the natural science philosophy (Saunders et al., 2009). The researcher role is neutral, he neglects his cultural aspects, values and beliefs (Keele 2012). It ensures objectivity of the researcher. This research is a quantitative research it will depend on collecting numerical data to be analyzed by using statistical methods. The advantage of this methodology is the availability of generalization of the results to the population. Also the previous research illustrate that is widely used in the analysis of the phenomenon related to the construction industry (Paradis et al., 2016). In order to collect data about the phenomenon of the safety management in the construction sector, a field study will be done (Polisen 2013). It is important to identify the variables related with the research objectives to be studied. Also the level of correlation among the variables should be tested (Gogtay Thatte 2017). Data collection method In research, data represents facts to be collected and investigated. In order to get the required information about the safety management in the construction industry, the researcher could apply different techniques concerning, phenomena, people and objects and the settings in which they take place. Secondary data will be collected from formal documents to compare between the targeted performance and the current performance of the construction industry. A survey is a tool used by the researcher to collect data about the target population, it describes one or more characteristics of it (Norris et al. 2015). In this research, data will be gathered from a samples of the large, medium and small sized firms in the construction industry. Questionnaire technique The self-administrated or written questionnaire, is used to collect data by the researcher from the respondents. According to Iro (2013), the researcher should make sure of certain points before starting to distribute the questionnaires to the respondents, they are as follows: The relevance of the questions to the problem to gather the necessary data in relation to the phenomenon of interest. Precision in listing the information sources in order to achieve the desired objectives. Assuring that the respondents could easily answer the questions by making sure of unambiguity of the questions. Providing enough spaces so that the respondents can answer properly and express the situations he faces. Assuring that each question is associated with one element and no biasness takes place. This requires no duplication in the questions. To use a structured questionnaire to investigate the variables associated with the phenomenon. There are two main types of questionnaires that could be used in data collection. The first type is the close ended questionnaire, it allows the respondents to choose among 5 alternatives on the Likert scale ranging between (strongly agree- agree- neither agree nor disagree- disagree strongly disagree) (Zohrabi 2013). The questionnaire should be designed by a professional of the field of the study. Also, it has to be analyzed with the appropriate techniques. The method of analysis should be determined a prior, as it should emerge from the exact setting of investigation. The second type is the open-ended questionnaire which allows the respondents to express their opinions towards the phenomenon of research (Bhattacherjee, 2012). The researcher will use the close-ended questionnaire to allow the respondents to express and clarify different issues related to the safety at their workplace (Office of planning, assessment, research, and quality 2015). Accordingly, the researcher will personally administrate the questionnaire, which is proofed to be an efficient data collection method. The survey will take place in the large, medium and small sized firms in the construction sector and the researcher will be able to get the required data. Data analysis techniques The researcher should choose the proper data analysis technique among the different techniques to meet the research objectives (Onwuegbuzie Combs 2011). Data should be tested for its validity and reliability. Then the analysis technique should be adopted. According to (Bihani Patil 2014), the researcher will use the descriptive analysis technique to best describe the current business situation that declares the trends, patterns and expectations of the managers in the selected Research plan for 11 week research project Considering the research objective of assuring proper implementation of safety factors helps in identifying the risks in construction projects. The quantitative method will be used to gather a range of data on specific or closed questions. It allows the researcher to quantify and document the research material gathered from the respondents' opinions (Qambar 2015). The detailed description of the quantitative method The quantitative method is more scientific and involves empirical research that assist on providing the truth and records the reality about the phenomenon being researched. It depends on a main assumption of determinism, which means that the events are mainly driven by one or more causes. The interpretations of the results are relevant to the research perspective and the level of knowledge of the researcher. Although the reality cannot be subjective and the researcher has to be objective in conducting the quantitative research. The researcher should not change his opinion according to the situation, as the quantitative analysis tool is designed in an objective manner (Qambar 2015). The quantitative research uses methods to calculate the investigated variables and reach conclusions. It requires tools of data collection as the questionnaires or structured interviews, they could be self-administrated in a written format or the respondents could be questioned orally. The sample size should be large, to provide accurate results. It is usually larger than the sample size used in the qualitative search analysis. The results of the quantitative research analysis could be generalized to the population. The quantitative paradigm is used by the researcher to show the extent to which the results of the analysis are related to the real world situation. The results of the quantitative analysis are represented in tables and charts that supports the research results. Though, the quantitative research allows the researcher to be familiar with the studied concepts, and generates the research results of hypothesis testing (Qambar 2015). Accordingly, the questionnaire will be used as the most appropriate technique in gathering data relevant to this research. The questionnaires could be distributed to the respondents, then to be collected after they express their opinions in order to provide a high degree of anonymity and to let the respondents feel free to answer the questions. References Bhattacherjee, A 2012, Social science research: Principles, methods, and pactices, University of South Florida, USA. Bihani, P Patil, S 2014, 'A comparative study of data analysis techniques', International Journal of Emerging Trends Technology in Computer Science, vol 3, no. 2, pp. 95-101. Chileshe, N Dzisi, E 2012, 'Benefits and barriers of construction health and safety management (HSM): Perceptions of practitioners within design organisations', Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, vol 10, no. 2, pp. 276-298. Fellows, R Liu, A 2015, Research methods for construction, John Wiley Sons, Inc., USA. Gogtay, N Thatte, U 2017, 'Principles of correlation analysis', Journal of The Association of Physicians of India, vol 65, pp. 78-81. Iro, L 2013, 'Data collection techniques a guide for researchers in humanities and education', International Research Journal of Computer Science and Information Systems, vol 2, no. 3, pp. 40-44. Keele, R 2012, 'Quantitative versus qualitative research or both', in Nursing research and evidence-based practice, Jones Bartlett Learning, LLC. Norris, J, Plonsky, L, Ross, S Schoonend, R 2015, 'Guidelines for reporting quantitative methods and results in primary research', A Journal of Research in Language Studies, pp. 470-76. Office of planning, assessment, research, and quality 2015, 'Quantitative data analysis: Choosing a statistical test', University of Wisconsin. Onwuegbuzie, A Combs, J 2011, 'Data analysis in mixed research: A Primer', International Journal of Education, pp. 1-25. Paavola, S 2014, 'From Steps and Phases to Dynamically Evolving Abduction', Charles S. Peirce International Centennial Congress , USA. Panas, A Pantouvakis, J 2010, 'Evaluating research methodology in construction productivity studies', The Built Human Environment Review, vol 3, no. 1, pp. 63-85. Paradis, E, O'Brien, B Nimmon, L 2016, 'Design: selection of data collection methods', Journal of Graduate Medical Education, vol 8, no. 2, pp. 263264. Polisen 2013, Field study handbook, The European Union, Stockholm. Qambar, A 2015, Human capital development in the UAE islamic banking sector: Addressing the challenges of Emiratisation, Cardiff Metropolitan University, UK. Saunders, M, Lewis, P Thornhill, A 2009, 'Understanding research philosophies and approaches', in Research Methods for Business Students, 4th edn. Sharma, S Swain, N 2011, 'Risk management in construction projects', Asia-Pacific Business Review, vol 7, no. 3, pp. 107-120. Spillane, J, Oyedele, L Meding, J 2012, 'Confined site construction: An empirical analysis of factors impacting health and safety management', Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, vol 10, no. 3, pp. 397-420. Wadick, P 2010, 'Safety culture among subcontractors in the domestic housing construction industry', Structural Survey, vol 28, no. 2, pp. 108-120. Zohrabi, M 2013, 'Mixed method research: Instruments, validity, reliability and reporting findings', Theory and Practice in Language Studies, vol 3, no. 2, pp. 254-62

The Importance Of Setting In A Short free essay sample

Story Essay, Research Paper The Importance of Puting Puting is the psychological clip or topographic point in a narrative. Setting plays an of import function in the success of narratives. Three illustrations of this importance can be explained through? To Construct a Fire? by Jack London and? The Cask of the Amontillado? by Edgar Allan Poe and? A Worn Path? by Eudora Welty. The scenes used in these narratives set the reader? s temper. A good author? s word picture of puting puts the reader right into the narrative. ? To Construct a Fire? by Jack London takes topographic point on a trail in the Yukon. This scene is critical to the narrative because nature, the cold and the snow become the the chief character? s worst enemy. Nature is categorically apathetic to mankind? s endurance. The cold will non alter because of adult male nor does it care about human being. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance Of Setting In A Short or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The temperature in this narrative is set at a cold 75 grades below nothing. The chief character is a adult male who is walking a trail by himself seeking to do it to a cantonment near Henderson Creek where other work forces are remaining. He was warned non to travel out into the cold, particularly entirely, if it is 50 grades below zero or more. The adult male is nescient to world. His lone comrade is a Canis familiaris who is about smarter than the adult male. The Canis familiaris knows what he must make to last and is the lone 1 who succeeds. The adult male has to construct a fire in order to dry his boot that had gotten wet. At one point in the narrative, the adult male wants to gut the Canis familiaris and set his custodies inside the carcase for heat. The last fire that the adult male builds is what kills him. The fire is put out by snow that has fallen down from a pine tree subdivision. The adult male freezes to decease. He dies with self-respect. Puting is really of import to this narrative, without it, the reader would non larn of the common nescient human behaviour when it comes to survival in an apathetic environment. The scene of this narrative does non see the adult male as of import and is unconcerned with his agony and decease. Mankind can non command nature and our endurance in it. We can mind warnings though and non opportunity our endurance in atrocious natural conditions conditions. Puting in? The Cask of the Amontillado? by Edgar Allan Poe plays an of import function with the development of horror and tenseness necessary for readers to experience. This narrative is absolutely set in catacombs with the walls lined with human remains. The cavern walls are besides described to hold? white web-work? . Told through first-person narrative by our chief character, Montresor, it is a narrative about vindictive slaying. Montresor deviously leads his? friend? Fortunato through the vaults down the long and weaving stairway to the? muffle evidences? of the catacombs of the Montresors. A bottle of vino is opened and Fortunato drinks to? the buried that repose around us? as the scheming Montresor drinks to his friend? s? long life? . The intense description of puting in this narrative is really cliff-hanging and eerie. Poe describes the work forces go throughing? long walls of piled skeletons, with casks and puncheons blending, into the inmost deferrals of the catacombs. ? Mo ntresor buries his friend inside the wall of the catacomb and eventually complete his work about midnight. The last line of the narrative is? In gait requiescat? which means? may he rest in peace? . The scene is perfectly necessary to establish this narrative on. The catacombs of decease provide an appropriate scene for the narrative? s suspense and inevitable stoping. There is situational sarcasm in the fact that the offense takes topographic point during a jubilation, that Fortu nato? s name means good fortune, and that Fortunato is dressed like a fool. What is approximately to go on is merely the antonym of what you would anticipate. Just about everything Montresor says is dry. He says merely the antonym of what he means. He keeps asking about Fortunato? s wellness and says he will non decease of a cold. The greatest usage of sarcasm is when Montresor says he is a member of the Masons. Fortunato thinks he means he is of a fellow member of a society when what he truly means is that he is a bricklayer about to brick him in for all infinity. This conversation besides provides prefiguration in the narrative. This is the first hint the reader gets about how Montresor will kill Fortunato. The overall temper of the narrative is one of impending immorality. The stoping of the narrative is filled with suspense. You see Montresor carefully construct each row of rock. At this point Montresor is to the full committed to completing his dismaying deed even at the despair ing supplications from Fortunato. When the last brick is set in topographic point, we know Fortunato? s destiny has been sealed. ? A Worn Path? by Eudora Welty is set in December at the first splash of forenoon. The narrative features chief character, Phoenix Jackson? s, journey through the forests to a town called Natchez. The narrative describes Jackson with words such as? grandma? , ? old Negro adult female? and? a hundred old ages old. ? The scene plays an of import function in this narrative with its black imagination. Not merely is the tone and the scene draped with a black overtone, but the chief character is every bit good. The scene helps set up the strong subject of dedication, love and altruism. A atrocious dark and chilling scene must be traveled by this old adult female in order to have medicine for her grandson. The adversities of the scene demo us merely how dedicated this grandma is to her grandson. Not merely is her vision hapless, but at one point in the narrative she falls down. Phoenix Jackson is a symbol of charity. Her periodic journey is all for her grandson who swallowed lye two to thre e old ages ago. The dark and drab wood scene is a testimonial to the subject of keeping self-respect even when physical and mental abilities are diminished. Some reviews say that objects in the scene such as the straw man, the vultures and the mourning doves symbolize that the grandson is already dead. This would intend that Jackson is so mentally lessened that she does non even recognize this. The term? Phoenix? is a fabulous bird that dies and is reborn out of its ain ashes. This is a really symbolic name for the grandma as this strongly emphasizes her finding. The scene is really important to the narrative as it creates a test for Jackson. Detailss such as the shrubs that? catch? at her frock, Ag grass, the cabin boarded shut, dead trees and the shadows hanging from the oak trees? like drapes? aid explicate the adversities of the mission Jackson must finish. She coaches herself through the labyrinth to town and eventually makes it to see the nurse with the medicine for her grands on. ? To Construct a Fire? by Jack London and? The Cask of the Amontillado? by Edgar Allan Poe and? A Worn Path? by Eudora Welty are three good illustrations of how setting plays an of import function in a narrative. The scene of a narrative helps to sketch the general subject. It may even be an of import symbol or assist develop symbolism. Setting may besides able a reader to associate to adversities or state of affairss. This helps the narrative to go more powerful. The scenes used in the three narratives above were the foundations of success in these plants.